Na aanleiding van Sue se vraag oor DDT, het dit my laat dink aan hoe ons
die liggaam verniel. Ons gebruik middele wat die liggaam afbreek en die
dood vervroeg. Daar is byvoorbeeld rook en lood misbruik (gevind in
petrol).
Maar, wie het gedink dat medisyne gevaarlik mag wees. Medisyne is moes
goed vir die mens? Hier volg 'n medisyne beskrywing (natuurlik
verkrygbaar) maar, die wetenskap het 'n manier gevind om dit kunsmatig
te maak. Dit word gebruik vir die behandeling van Gout. Die effek is 'n
natuurlike vorm van chemoterapie wat selfs witbloedselle aanval. Wit
bloed selle word gebruik om die liggaam te beskerm. Lees verder:
------------------------------------------ Colchicine, a water-soluble alkaloid found in the autumn crocus, blocks
or suppresses cell division by inhibiting mitosis, the division of a
cell's nucleus. Specifically, it inhibits the development of spindles as
the nuclei are dividing. Normally, the cell would use its spindle fibers
to line up its chromosomes, make a copy of them, and divide into two new
cells with each daughter cell having a single set of chromosomes. With
colchicine present, the spindle fibers don't form, and so the cell can't
move its chromosomes around. The cell may end up copying some or all of
the chromosomes anyway, but can't parcel them out into new cells, and so
it never divides.
Because cancer cells divide much more rapidly than normal cells, cancers
are more susceptible to being poisoned by mitotic inhibitors such as
colchicine, paclitaxel, and the Vinca alkaloids.
However, colchicine has proven to have a fairly narrow range of
effectiveness as a chemotherapy agent, so its only FDA-approved use is
to treat gout (it is one of the active ingredients of ColBenemid,
anti-gout tablets marketed by Merck & Co.), though it is also
occasionally used in veterinary medicine to treat cancers in some
animals. It is also used as an antimitotic agent in cancer research
involving cell cultures.
Gout is an illness caused by faulty uric acid metabolism in which excess
uric acid is turned into crystals of sodium urate, which are then
deposited in the joints (most often in the big toe), causing
inflammation and pain. Researchers aren't sure exactly how colchicine
works against gout, but it does seem to reduce the frequency of severe
attacks and relieves residual pain.
As far as side effects go, colchicine can cause a temporary reduction in
the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the bloodstream;
afterward, the leukocyte count can rebound to abnormally high levels.
Colchicine also causes teratogenic birth defects in lab animals, and so
pregnant women with gout should not use colchicine-containing drugs.
Colchicine poisoning resembles arsenic poisoning; the symptoms (which,
because it is a mitotic poison, occur 2 to 5 hours after the toxic dose
has been ingested) include burning in the mouth and throat, diarrhea,
stomach pain, vomiting, and kidney failure. Death from respiratory
failure often follows. A specific antidote doesn't exist, so treatment
typically involves giving the victim activated charcoal or pumping the
stomach.
Sue het my die vraag gevra na aanleiding oor Malaria. Sy het my gevra of
ek nie dink aan die HIV virus as ek praat van 'n organisme wat himself
aanpas nie. Daar is baie 'organismis' wat in die menslike liggaam leef.
Party is lewend en and 'dood'. Party kan net leef as hulle 'n 'host'
oorneem. 'n Virus is so 'n eenheid. Dit neem 'n sel oor en gebruik dan
die sel se 'kern' om homself dan 'n nuwe 'kern' te gee. Sien bygaande:
----------------------------------------------------------
What The Heck is a Virus?
~~~~~
Introduction
First, let me tell you what a virus is NOT. A virus is not a bacterium,
nor an independently-living organism. A virus cannot survive in the
absence of a living cell within which to synthesize copies of itself
(replicate). Antibiotics do not harm a virus; it is for this reason that
treatment for the "flu" for example, is mainly to help ease the symptoms
of the illness rather than to kill the organism which causes the "flu"
(Influenza virus Please see: What the Heck is the "Flu"?).
Well then, what IS it?
Now, is there a simple explanation which can define what a virus IS?
Hmmmm... that's actually a tough question. A virus is not strictly
alive.. nor is it strictly dead... A virus has some fundamental
information (genes made of DNA or RNA) which allows it to make copies of
itself. However, the virus must be inside a living cell of some kind
before the information can be used. In fact, the information won't be
made available unless the virus enters a living cell. It is this
entrance of a virus into a cell which is called a viral infection. Too,
the virus is very, very small relative to the size of a living cell.
Therefore, the information the virus can carry is actually not enough to
allow it to make copies (replicate). The virus uses the cell's machinery
and some of the cell's enzymes to generate virus parts which are later
assembled into thousands of new, mature, infectious virus which can
leave the cell to infect other cells. Poliomyelitis virus for example,
may have over one million copies of its basic genetic information (RNA)
inside a single, infected human intestinal mucosal cell.
What does a virus look like?
Moving from the outside to the inside, here are some parts of a virus
which are common to many different kinds of viruses: capsid, core,
genetic material (DNA or RNA). The capsid is the outer shell of the
virus which encloses the genetic material within. The capsid is actually
made of many, many identical individual proteins which are assembled
very precisely to form the capsid structure. Sometimes there will be a
protein core underneath the capsid which also surrounds the genetic
material. Some viruses may have an additional covering on the outside
called an envelope. An envelope is kind of like skin around the outside
of the virus. The envelope is actually a lipid bilayer (membrane) with
proteins embedded within the membrane. If you examine a baseball, take
it apart, you will see how some viruses are assembled. The cover of the
baseball (envelope), the tightly-woven thread (capsid), and the rubber
core (genetic material) can be used to represent the parts of some
viruses.
What do viruses actually do?
All viruses only exist and make more viruses. And with the possible
exception of bacterial viruses which kill harmful bacteria, all viruses
appear to be harmful because their replication leads to the death of the
cell which the virus entered. A virus enters a cell by first attaching
to a specific structure on the cell's surface via a specific structure
on the virus surface. Depending on the virus, either the entire virus
enters the cell, or perhaps only the genetic material of the virus is
injected into the cell. In either case however, the ultimate result of
viral infection is the exposure of virus genetic material inside the
entered cell. Then, the virus material essentially "takes over" the cell
and nothing but viral parts are made, which assemble into many complete
viruses. These viruses are mature and leave the cell either by a process
called "budding" (just one or a few viruses at a time leave the cell) or
by a process called lysis (the cellular membrane ruptures and releases
all of the virus particles at once).
What things can become infected by a virus
So far, there is not a living thing identified that doesn't have some
sort of susceptibility to a particular virus. Plants, animals,
bacteria - every living thing, whether multicellular or single-celled,
can be infected with a virus specific for the organism. And, within a
species, there may be 100 or more different viruses which can infect
that species alone. So, whenever viruses are discussed, they are
discussed as being either plant, animal or bacterial viruses - which
means that an animal virus only infects a certain animal, and a plant
virus only infects a particular plant. We say that a virus is specific
for a particular thing if the virus infects only that thing. So, there
are viruses which infect only humans (smallpox), some which infect
humans and one or two additional kinds of animals (influenza), some
which infect only a particular kind of plant (tobacco mosaic virus), and
some which infect only a particular species of bacteria (lambda
bacteriophage which infects E. coli).
How many kinds of viruses are there?
Viruses come in all shapes and sizes and have an enormous array of
different kinds of organization of basic genetic material within them.
And, it is the arrangement and type of genetic material which is the
method used for sub-classification of a given group of viruses. For
example, the animal virus group can be sub-divided into the following
sub-groups: double-stranded DNA; single-stranded DNA; double-stranded
RNA; single-stranded RNA, and, retroviruses (a very unique kind of
single-stranded RNA virus). An example of a human double-stranded DNA
virus is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). An example of a human single-stranded
RNA virus is Influenza virus, Type A). An example of a human retrovirus
is Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As you can see, unlike humans,
the arrangement and kind of genetic material within viruses can be very
diverse. However, for all viruses, regardless of the kind or arrangement
of genetic material, the virus is capable of replicating within a living
cell and can produce progeny (offspring) which are usually absolutely
identical to the original virus. You may wish to take a look at David
Sander's information about viruses. Please see: David Sander's Complete
Virology Information, Tulane
Do viruses change
Sometimes during the process of viral replication, mutations occur. If
the mutation is harmful, the new virus particle might no longer be
functional (infectious). However, because a given virus can generate
many,. many copies of itself, even if 200,000 particles are no good, 100
might still be just fine. Further, some mutations don't lead to harm to
the virus, but instead lead to a functional but now brand-new strain of
virus (Influenza virus can do this; consequently, there are several
different strains of this virus which have to be identified each year in
order to make a vaccine against the particular strain which might cause
the "flu").
What protects things against viral infection?
Humans are protected in a couple of ways. First, if a particular virus
infects one or more cells of a given tissue in our body, the infection
leads to the synthesis and secretion of substances called interferons.
Interferons are proteins and may be designated as alpha, beta, or gamma
interferon). These proteins interact with adjacent cells which help
adjacent cells become more resistant to infection by the virus.
Sometimes, this resistance isn't quite good enough to prevent the spread
of the virus to more and more cells, and we begin to feel sick (we are
now experiencing a disease caused by the viral infection). Now however,
the body's immune system takes over and begins to fight the infection by
killing the virus on the outside of the cells, and kills the infected
cells, too. The killing of the infected cells prevents the spread of the
virus, since as was stated above, a virus requires a living cell in
order for the virus to be able to replicate. Eventually, the virus will
be completely removed, and we'll get over the illness. HIV is an
exception to this situation because HIV infects cells of the immune
system which are necessary to kill the infected cells. So, although HIV
does not itself directly cause the condition known as AIDS, the eventual
death of immune cells due to infection with HIV allows other infections
to harm a person.
Recently, there have been agents designed in the laboratory and isolated
from natural sources which are being used to fight certain viral
infections. These agents are not called antibiotics however, since they
are effective only for viruses and have not been isolated from other
organisms capable of killing a virus. So far, no agents have been
identified which are secreted by a cell which actually kills a virus.
You may be familiar with the drug called Acyclovir which is used to
inhibit the replication of Herpesvirus; and, AZT and HIV protease
inhibitors which are used to inhibit the replication of HIV.
Plants are protected from certain viruses by substances which coat
leaves and stems and "closing-off" systems which generate a walled-off
area within the plant at the source of the infection. Bacteria can be
protected from bacterial-specific viruses through the action of enzymes
inside the bacterium's cell. However, if a bacterial virus (called a
bacteriophage) infects one cell, usually within a very short time, all
of the bacterial cells will be killed. If there are no other bacterial
cells of that particular species around for that particular virus,
however, the virus will die, too.
skryf in boodskap news:3A2C24D6.EEE0E8@home.com...
OUTSPAN
Johan Myburg
Gister 'n brief
gehad van Bill.
Die somer was nat,
skryf hy, en guur.
London ruik plek-plek
nog net so suur
soos voorheen. "Niks
was soos jy jou sou
verbeel nie."
Breedvoerig brei hy
uit oor Maastricht
en die ekonomie.
Vanoggend luister
ek na die mars
uit Die liefde vir
drie lemoene, ruik
terstond die vars
sitrusreën in
die National Opera
en die London
van ons lemoenseisoen.
Paul, The translation Sue gave you is correct.
Christo
Sue wrote:
> In article ,
> paul.wi...@virgin.net says...
>
>> Could some kind soul here possibly translate the following into Afrikaans
>> for me please ?
>
> Paul, I have not seen any replies to your message. Afrikaans is not my
> first language (not even my 2nd language), but I will give it a shot.
> PLEASE ignore my feeble attempt the moment you see a post or reply from
> anyone else in this group.
>
>>
>> ************************
>>
>> subject - "your Christmas card"
>
> Jou Kerskaartjie
>
> (Afrikaans is a very "polite" language, so if it is a friend, "jou",
> would be correct, but if you are writing to someone older or not really
> close to you, I think they would use the more formal "U".)
>
>
>> "I posted your Christmas card today, so look out for it shortly in your
>> mailbox !"
>
> Ek het jou kerskaartjie vandag gepos. Dit sal binnekort in jou posbus
> wees.
>
>> ************************
>
>> Thanking you in advance,
>
> Don't thank me, you might HATE me after this translation attempt! :-)
>
> Let's hope someone else helps out QUICKLY! :-)
waar is Ferdi? sal nou nie sê ek mis hom nie, maar hy het
darem so nou en dan iets gesê wat wat my 2 keer laat dink
(wonder)
het.
Wonder of Ferdi sy vrou slaan :-)
--
Ek wonder of iemand my kan help met die volgende probleem.
As ek n prent wil oop maak op die internet kry ek die volgende boodskap:
The MSVCIRT>DLL file is linked to missing export MSVCRT>DELL??-U@YAPAXI@Z en
a divice attached to the system is not functioning
Wat is n DO991E80.htq file en wat is sy doel. Die file was onder
C:\windows\sys
Dit het gewys dat die file n virus in gehad het en na ek dit herstel het het
ek probleme met my rekenaar
"Reenen van Niekerk" skryf in boodskap news:3a2a016d.0@news1.mweb.co.za...
> Ek wonder of iemand my kan help met die volgende probleem.
> As ek n prent wil oop maak op die internet kry ek die volgende boodskap:
> The MSVCIRT>DLL file is linked to missing export MSVCRT>DELL??-U@YAPAXI@Z en
> a divice attached to the system is not functioning
Try using System File Checker (found in System Information)... to run a
system check... you can also restore msvrct.dll from your win disks.
> Wat is n DO991E80.htq file en wat is sy doel. Die file was onder
> C:\windows\sys
> Dit het gewys dat die file n virus in gehad het en na ek dit herstel het het
> ek probleme met my rekenaar
Delete that file. I don't know what an .htq file is... I don't have any such
files on my system... :-) [ Win98SE here ]
-------------- www.AdderleyStreet.co.za ---------------
This is a South African community site, but all are welcome.
This site is about meeting people, making friends, and having fun!
We have freemail, active forums, and lots of attitude.
Universal SMS. Send an SMS message to any cell phone worldwide.
The Weekly Chirp - Money and relationships!
Ultra fun-loving Mel's new supersonic design
|
---oo-O-oo---
(Crash and burn!)
-------------------------------------------------------
Wil graag die Regering van ons Paradys, en elders op die Planeet,
insluitend Individue, Organisasies, en Regerings, wat deel neem aan die
Afrika Renaissance, en veral die ANC gelukwens vir die super sukses wat
bereik is sover, asook vir die toekoms. Veral vir die volgende:
Deursettingsvermoë en vasberadenheid. Die menige inisiatiewe geneem
deur President Thabo Mbeki, Staats departmente en die Private Sektor,
ten bate van miv+/vigs navorsing in ons Paradys, en elders op die
Planeet. Holistiese benadering vir die rol van die imuun stelsel,
aangaande 'n geneesmiddel vir miv+/vigs. Miv+/vigs advertensie veldtog.
Verskaffing van miv+/vigs medisyne. Onderhandelinge afgehandel en/of
onderweg, vir 'n meer aantreklike ru olie prys. Insluitend die menige
bydraes wat gelewer word aan die Afrika en Suid Afrika Renaissance. En
om die Regering van ons Paradys, en elders op die Planeet, te
ondersteun om hulle doelwitte te bereik. Vir die Persone van ons
Paradys, die Afrika Kontinent, en elders op die Planeet. En nog baie
meer. Byvoorbaat baie dankie. Dit word inniglik waardeer.
Wil ook graag Ru Olie en Internasionale firmas verantwoordelik vir die
bemarking en verspreiding van ru olie, Brandstof Verskaffers in ons
Paradys, en elders op die Planeet, asook OPEL lidlande, Midde Oosterse
Ru Olie Verskaffers, asook Soekor en Sasol, en ondersteunende
Organisasies, gelukwens vir die super sukses wat bereik is sover, asook
vir die toekoms. Veral vir die volgende: Deursettingsvermoë en
vasberadenheid. Super effektiewe bemarking, verspreiding en verskaffing
van Ru Olie aan al die Lande op die Planeet. Aanhoudende verskaffing
van Ru Olie, petroleum produkte en brandstof om die ekonomie van Lande
op die Planeet te verhoog. Insluitend die menige bydraes wat gelewer
word aan die Afrika en Suid Afrika Renaissance. En om die Regering van
ons Paradys, en elders op die Planeet, te ondersteun om hulle doelwitte
te bereik. Vir die Persone van ons Paradys, en elders op die Planeet.
En nog baie meer. Byvoorbaat baie dankie. Dit word inniglik waardeer.
'n Saak wat na aan die hart raak, is om die vrede en voorspoed van die
Persone van ons Paradys, en elders op die Planeet, asemrowend te
verhoog.
Behou geloof, hoop en liefde. Onthou die oomblik het aangebreek om
eksponensieel ondersteuning te verkry. Verstaan enige advies hier word
gegee in die gees van Vryheid van Keuse. Enige persoon het die reg om
dit te gebruik net soos dit is, en / of te verander na vrye wil.
Wil graag voorstel om ontmoetings te verhoog in die Parlement van ons
Paradys, asook met Regerings van Namibie, Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe en
Mosambiek. Asook met bewegings en/of organisasies wat na verhoogde
erkenning van mense regte strewe, indien enige, in bg. lande, bv.
Unita. Om suksesvolle ekonomiese inisiatiewe in die streek te verhoog.
Veral om vergunning, asook die verkryging van permitte te verhoog,
asook die gee van die groen lig vir die verhoogde opsporing en
produksie van ru olie by voorgestelde liggings en/of elders in die
streek.
Onderhandelinge kan ook verhoog word met die Regerings van Namibie
asook Mosambiek. Om die ruilhandel van ru olie te verhoog met
ondersteuning en/of beskermings dienste verskaf deur ons Paradys aan
bg. lande, in die verlede, hede en/of toekoms. Om die regverdigheid van
ru olie verskaf en/of verhandel deur dienste gelewer deur ons Paradys.
Ten voordeel van alle betrokke partye.
Opsporing van ru olie kan daarna verhoog word in Namibie - noord en/of
noord-wes vanaf Tsumeb. Die boor vir ru olie, asook die lê van
ondergrondse pyplyne kan ook verhoog word, deur Botswana na
raffinaderye in ons Paradys. Om die beskerming van die natuur, asook
goedkoper vervoer koste te verhoog. Veral, om die aanhoudende vervoer
van ru olie na ons Paradys te verhoog, soos nodig.
Opsporing van ru olie kan ook verhoog word in Mosambiek - verwag langs
die kus van Beira. Min of meer dieselfde breedte graad waar olie in
Namibie opgespoor word. Die boor vir ru olie, asook die lê van
ondergrondse pyplyne kan ook verhoog word deur Zimbabwe na raffinaderye
in ons Paradys. Om die beskerming van die natuur, asook goedkoper
vervoer koste te verhoog. Veral, om die aanhoudende vervoer van ru olie
na ons Paradys te verhoog, soos nodig.
Berging van ru olie kan ook verhoog word in ons Paradys, indien
enigsinds nodig. Om die aanhoudende verskaffing van ru olie aan
raffinaderye in ons Paradys te verhoog, indien enigsinds moontlik. Ten
bate van alle betrokke partye.
Die betaling van fondse kan ook verhoog word aan bg. Regerings.
Afhangende van die uitkomste van onderhandelinge. Om ekonomiese
inisiatiewe in bg. lande te verhoog. Veral om die pad netwerk, asook
elektrifikasie van alle woongebiede te verhoog. Die verskaffing van
vars water, asook sout na vars water omskakelings projekte kan ook
verhoog word, veral in Namibie. Om werks geleendhede, asook die vrede
en voorspoed van alle betrokke partye te verhoog. Ten bate van alle
betrokke partye.
Raffinaderye kan ook verhoog word by olie bore, en/of langs die roete
wat deur pyplyne gevolg word. Om werks geleendhede te verhoog.
Afhangend van menslike hulpbronne en materiaal beskikbaar. Om die
produksie van ru olie verwante produkte te verhoog, soos nodig.
Beramings kan ook verhoog word aangaande die volume van ru olie
beskikbaar by bg. liggings. Om aangewend te word om toekomstige invoer
benodighede van ru olie te verhoog, vanaf bestaande ru olie
verskaffers, aan ons Paradys. Die volg van die pad van gesamentlike
ondersteuning ten bate van alle partye kan ook verhoog word. Om die
verskaffing van ru olie teen billike pryse aan ons Paradys te verhoog.
Soos alreeds aangevra deur 'n vorige bydrae, soos nodig.
Bestudeer verbruikers benodighede in die streek, asook elders op die
Planeet. Om plaaslike en uitvoer mark potensiaal en benodigdhede vas te
stel. Daarna om inisiatiewe baseer op benodighede te verhoog. Ten bate
van alle betrokke partye.
Suksesse bereik kan ook deur die Media aan die Persone van ons Paradys,
en elders op die Planeet, verhooog word. Om suksesse bereik in ons
Paradys te verhoog.
Dit kan President Thabo Mbeki geweldig ondersteun. Veral waneer
President Mbeki die Suid Afrika, en veral die Afrika Renaissance 'n
kwantum sprong vorentoe neem, omtrent Junie 2000 en/of net daarna.
President Mbeki kan suksesse behaal in die Suid Afrika Renaissance
herhaal vir menige Lande wat aan die Afrika Renaissance deelneem. En
dit die sukses maak wat dit verdien om te wees. 'n Ekonomiese bloei
tydperk kan verwag word. Nadat gereedheid bereik is in die verband deur
die aanwys van 'n groen lig te lewer, soos aangevra. Ten voordeel van
alle betrokke partye.
Kyk na die asemrowende resultate - bo alle verwagtinge:
Goedkoop verskaffing en vervoer van ru olie aan ons Paradys en die
streek kan asemrowend verhoog word.
Uitvoer van petroleum produkte na Renaissances elders op die Planeet
kan asemrowend verhoog word.
Profyte van olie raffinaderye en ondersteunende industriee kan
asemrowend verhoog word.
Die aanwending van fondse vir opliggings projekte in die streek kan
asemrowend verhoog word.
Meer aantreklike brandstof pryse in ons Paradys kan asemrowend verhoog
word.
Beskerming van die natuur deur die gebruik van ondergrondse pyplyne kan
asemrowend verhoog word.
Ekonomiese inisiatiewe kan asemrowend verhoog word.
Handels verhoudinge in die streek kan asemrowend verhoog word.
Ekonomiee, en potensiële ekonomiee kan asemrowend verhoog word.
Vrede en voorspoed kan asemrowend verhoog word.
Gemeenskaplike belange kan alle partye geweldig bevoordeel.
Die Afrika en Suid Afrika Renaissance kan 'n kwantum sprong vorentoe
neem.
En 'n beter lewe kan vir almal geskep word.
Eendrag maak mag. Persone wat mekaar ondersteun, oorleef saam in 'n
beter wereld. Hierdie is die poging om 'n pad te skep na die 21e Eeu
d.m.v. grootheid, goedheid en grasie. Love all Serve all.
Hoop dit help. Saam vir 'n beter toekoms. Een vir almal en Almal vir
een. Word 'n magiese Persoon en help om 'n Paradys en Planeet te skep
waar almal gelukkig is en bevry is van pyn en leiding.
Presteer Voluit om die Verstand, Vlees en Voorspoed van die Persone van
ons Paradys, en elders op die Planeet, met Prag en Praal, Passie, asook
Profytvol Vorentoe, sodat hulle na hulle Prys, hulle Piek, kan Peil.
Ns. Indien enige sissende slange aan enigiemand hier ge-uiter word, is
dit a.g.v. 'n blinke kol in die logika, wat reggestel sal word wanneer
dit raakgesien is. Apologie word noual aangeteken daarvoor. Vergewe
asb.
What does the word "Afrikaans" mean. Sorry if I sound dumb but I'm just
curious. I work for the newspaper and saw an article about that. I
guess it's a class of people. I don't know, someone please help.
Supertaal
Blog
Soek
Hulp
Lede
Registreer
Teken aan
Tuis
RSS
