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torrek , net vir jou! [boodskap #110450]

Ma, 05 Junie 2006 03:02

Torreke
Boodskappe: 1165
Geregistreer: April 2006

Karma: 0

Senior Lid

Spaar my die blanke meerderwaardigheidsteorie. Soos ek vantevore vir ander
wat beter kan spel as jy gesê het: Ek het handevol swart kollegas wat jou
baie vinnig ore sal aansit.

"fire_" wrote in message
news:1149457829.706998.171910@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com.. .
http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/inventions/

Black Invention Myths
Perhaps you've heard the claims: Were it not for the genius and energy
of African-American inventors, we might find ourselves in a world
without traffic lights, peanut butter, blood banks, light bulb
filaments, and a vast number of other things we now take for granted
but could hardly imagine life without.

Such beliefs usually originate in books or articles about black
history. Since many of the authors have little interest in the history
of technology outside of advertising black contributions to it, their
stories tend to be fraught with misunderstandings, wishful thinking, or
fanciful embellishments with no historical basis. The lack of
historical perspective leads to extravagant overestimations of
originality and importance: sometimes a slightly modified version of a
pre-existing piece of technology is mistaken for the first invention of
its type; sometimes a patent or innovation with little or no lasting
value is portrayed as a major advance, even if there's no real evidence
it was ever used.

Unfortunately, some of the errors and exaggerations have acquired an
illusion of credibility by repetition in mainstream outlets, especially
during Black History Month (see examples for the traffic light and
ironing board). When myths go unchallenged for too long, they begin to
eclipse the truth. Thus I decided to put some records straight.
Although this page does not cover every dubious invention claim
floating around out there, it should at least serve as a warning never
to take any such claim for granted.

Each item below is listed with its supposed black originator beneath it
along with the year it was supposedly invented, followed by something
about the real origin of the invention or at least an earlier instance
of it.

BibliographyEmail
Traffic Signal
Invented by Garrett A. Morgan in 1923? No!
The first known traffic signal appeared in London in 1868 near the
Houses of Parliament. Designed by JP Knight, it featured two semaphore
arms and two gas lamps. The earliest electric traffic lights include
Lester Wire's two-color version set up in Salt Lake City circa 1912,
James Hoge's system (US patent #1,251,666) installed in Cleveland by
the American Traffic Signal Company in 1914, and William Potts' 4-way
red-yellow-green lights introduced in Detroit beginning in 1920. New
York City traffic towers began flashing three-color signals also in
1920.

Garrett Morgan's cross-shaped, crank-operated semaphore was not among
the first half-hundred patented traffic signals, nor was it "automatic"
as is sometimes claimed, nor did it play any part in the evolution of
the modern traffic light. For details see Inventing History: Garrett
Morgan and the Traffic Signal.

Gas Mask
Garrett Morgan in 1914? No!
The invention of the gas mask predates Morgan's breathing device by
several decades. Early versions were constructed by the Scottish
chemist John Stenhouse in 1854 and the physicist John Tyndall in the
1870s, among many other inventors prior to World War I. See The
Invention of the Gas Mask.

Peanut Butter
George Washington Carver (who began his peanut research in 1903)? No!
Peanuts, which are native to the New World tropics, were mashed into
paste by Aztecs hundreds of years ago. Evidence of modern peanut butter
comes from US patent #306727 issued to Marcellus Gilmore Edson of
Montreal, Quebec in 1884, for a process of milling roasted peanuts
between heated surfaces until the peanuts reached "a fluid or
semi-fluid state." As the product cooled, it set into what Edson
described as "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment." In
1890, George A. Bayle Jr., owner of a food business in St. Louis,
manufactured peanut butter and sold it out of barrels. J.H. Kellogg, of
cereal fame, secured US patent #580787 in 1897 for his "Process of
Preparing Nutmeal," which produced a "pasty adhesive substance" that
Kellogg called "nut-butter."

George Washington Carver
"Discovered" hundreds of new and important uses for the peanut?
Fathered the peanut industry? Revolutionized southern US agriculture?
No!
Research by Barry Mackintosh, who served as bureau historian for the
National Park Service (which manages the G.W. Carver National
Monument), demonstrated the following:

Most of Carver's peanut and sweet potato creations were either
unoriginal, impractical, or of uncertain effectiveness. No product born
in his laboratory was widely adopted.
The boom years for Southern peanut production came prior to, and not as
a result of, Carver's promotion of the crop.
Carver's work to improve regional farming practices was not of
pioneering scientific importance and had little demonstrable impact.
To see how Carver gained "a popular reputation far transcending the
significance of his accomplishments," read Mackintosh's excellent
article George Washington Carver: The Making of a Myth.

Automatic Lubricator, "Real McCoy"
Elijah McCoy revolutionized industry in 1872 by inventing the first
device to automatically oil machinery? No! The phrase "Real McCoy"
arose to distinguish Elijah's inventions from cheap imitations? No!
The oil cup, which automatically delivers a steady trickle of lubricant
to machine parts while the machine is running, predates McCoy's career;
a description of one appears in the May 6, 1848 issue of Scientific
American. The automatic "displacement lubricator" for steam engines was
developed in 1860 by John Ramsbottom of England, and notably improved
in 1862 by James Roscoe of the same country. The "hydrostatic"
lubricator originated no later than 1871.

Variants of the phrase Real McCoy appear in Scottish literature dating
back to at least 1856 - well before Elijah McCoy could have been
involved.

Detailed evidence: The not-so-real McCoy
Also see The Fake McCoy and Did Somebody Say McTrash?

Blood Bank
Dr. Charles Drew in 1940? No!
During World War I, Dr. Oswald H. Robertson of the US army preserved
blood in a citrate-glucose solution and stored it in cooled containers
for later transfusion. This was the first use of "banked" blood. By the
mid-1930s the Russians had set up a national network of facilities for
the collection, typing, and storage of blood. Bernard Fantus,
influenced by the Russian program, established the first hospital blood
bank in the United States at Chicago's Cook County Hospital in 1937. It
was Fantus who coined the term "blood bank." See highlights of
transfusion history from the American Association of Blood Banks.

Blood Plasma
Did Charles Drew "discover" (in about 1940) that plasma could be
separated and stored apart from the rest of the blood, thereby
revolutionizing transfusion medicine? No!
The possibility of using blood plasma for transfusion purposes was
known at least since 1918, when English physician Gordon R. Ward
suggested it in a medical journal. In the mid-1930s, John Elliott
advanced the idea, emphasizing plasma's advantages in shelf life and
donor-recipient compatibility, and in 1939 he and two colleagues
reported having used stored plasma in 191 transfusions. (See historical
notes on plasma use.) Charles Drew was not responsible for any
breakthrough scientific or medical discovery; his main career
achievement lay in supervising or co-supervising major programs for the
collection and shipment of blood and plasma.

More: Charles Drew Mythology

Washington DC city plan
Benjamin Banneker? No!
Pierre-Charles L'Enfant created the layout of Washington DC. Banneker
assisted Andrew Ellicott in the survey of the federal territory, but
played no direct role in the actual planning of the city. The story of
Banneker reconstructing the city design from memory after L'Enfant ran
away with the plans (with the implication that the project would have
failed if not for Banneker) has been debunked by historians.

Filament for Light Bulb
Lewis Latimer invented the carbon filament in 1881 or 1882? No!
English chemist/physicist Joseph Swan experimented with a
carbon-filament incandescent light all the way back in 1860, and by
1878 had developed a better design which he patented in Britain. On the
other side of the Atlantic, Thomas Edison developed a successful
carbon-filament bulb, receiving a patent for it (#223898) in January
1880, before Lewis Latimer did any work in electric lighting. From 1880
onward, countless patents were issued for innovations in filament
design and manufacture (Edison had over 50 of them). Neither of
Latimer's two filament-related patents in 1881 and 1882 were among the
most important innovations, nor did they make the light bulb last
longer, nor is there reason to believe they were adopted outside Hiram
Maxim's company where Latimer worked at the time. (He was not hired by
Edison's company until 1884, primarily as a draftsman and an expert
witness in patent litigations).

Latimer also did not come up with the first screw socket for the light
bulb or the first book on electric lighting.

Heart Surgery (first successful)
Dr. Daniel Hale Williams in 1893? No!
Dr. Williams repaired a wound not in the heart muscle itself, but in
the sac surrounding it, the pericardium. This operation was not the
first of its type: Henry Dalton of St. Louis performed a nearly
identical operation two years earlier, with the patient fully
recovering. Decades before that, the Spaniard Francisco Romero carried
out the first successful pericardial surgery of any type, incising the
pericardium to drain fluid compressing the heart.

Surgery on the actual human heart muscle, and not just the pericardium,
was first successfully accomplished by Ludwig Rehn of Germany when he
repaired a wounded right ventricle in 1896. More than 50 years later
came surgery on the open heart, pioneered by John Lewis, C. Walton
Lillehei (often called the "father of open heart surgery") and John
Gibbon (who invented the heart-lung machine).

What medical historians say...

"Third Rail"
Granville Woods in 1901? No!
Werner von Siemens pioneered the use of an electrified third rail as a
means for powering railway vehicles when he demonstrated an
experimental electric train at the 1879 Berlin Industrial Exhibition.
In the US, English-born Leo Daft used a third-rail system to electrify
the Baltimore & Hampden lines in 1885. The first electrically powered
subway trains, which debuted in London in the autumn of 1890, likewise
drew power from a third rail. Details...

Railway Telegraph
Granville Woods prevented railway accidents and saved countless lives
by inventing the train telegraph (patented in 1887), which allowed
communication to and from moving trains? No!
The earliest patents for train telegraphs go back to at least 1873.
Lucius Phelps was the first inventor in the field to attract widespread
notice, and the telegrams he exchanged on the New York, New Haven &
Hartford railroad in January 1885 were hailed in the Feb. 21, 1885
issue of Scientific American as "perhaps the first ever sent to and
from a moving train." Phelps remained at the forefront in developing
the technology and by the end of 1887 already held 14 US patents on his
system. He joined a team led by Thomas Edison, who had been working on
his "grasshopper telegraph" for trains, and together they constructed
on the Lehigh Valley Railroad one of the only induction telegraph
systems ever put to commercial use. Although this telegraph was a
technical success, it fulfilled no public need, and the market for
on-board train telegraphy never took off. There is no evidence that any
commercial railway telegraph based on Granville Woods's patents was
ever built. About the patent interference case

Refrigerated Truck
Frederick Jones (with Joseph Numero) in 1938? No! Did Jones change
America's eating habits by making possible the long-distance shipment
of perishable foods? No!
Refrigerated ships and railcars had been moving perishables across
oceans and continents even before Jones was born (see refrigerated
transport timeline). Trucks with mechanically refrigerated cargo spaces
appeared on the roads at least as early as the late 1920s (see the
proof). Further development of truck refrigeration was more a process
of gradual evolution than radical change.

Air Brake / Automatic Air Brake
Granville Woods in 1904? No!
In 1869, a 22-year-old George Westinghouse received US patent #88929
for a brake device operated by compressed air, and in the same year
organized the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. Many of the 361 patents
he accumulated during his career were for air brake variations and
improvements, including his first "automatic" version in 1872 (US
#124404).

Air Conditioner
Frederick Jones in 1949? No!
Dr. Willis Carrier built the first machine to control both the
temperature and humidity of indoor air. He received the first of many
patents in 1906 (US patent #808897, for the "Apparatus for Treating
Air"). In 1911 he published the formulae that became the scientific
basis for air conditioning design, and four years later formed the
Carrier Engineering Corporation to develop and manufacture AC systems.

Airship
J.F. Pickering in 1900? No!
French engineer Henri Giffard successfully flew a powered navigable
airship in 1852. The La France airship built by Charles Renard and
Arthur Krebs in 1884 featured an electric motor and improved steering
capabilities. In 1900 Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin's first rigid-framed
dirigible took to the air. Of the hundreds of inventors granted patents
for early airship designs and modifications, few succeeded in building
or flying their craft. There doesn't appear to be any record of a
"Pickering Airship" ever getting off the ground.

US Aviation Patent Database, 1799-1909

Automatic Railroad Car Coupler
Andrew Beard invented the "Jenny [sic] coupler" in 1897? No!
The Janney coupler is named for US Civil War veteran Eli H. Janney, who
in 1873 invented a device (US patent #138405) which automatically
linked together two railroad cars upon their being brought into
contact. Also known as the "knuckle coupler," Janney's invention
superseded the dangerous link-and-pin coupler and became the basis for
standard coupler design through the remainder of the millennium. Andrew
Beard's modified knuckle coupler was just one of approximately eight
thousand coupler variations patented by 1900. See a history of the
automatic coupler and also The Janney Coupler.

Automatic Transmission/Gearshift
Richard Spikes in 1932? No!
The first automatic-transmission automobile to enter the market was
designed by the Sturtevant brothers of Massachusetts in 1904. US Patent
#766551 was the first of several patents on their gearshift mechanism.
Automatic transmission technology continued to develop, spawning
hundreds of patents and numerous experimental units; but because of
cost, reliability issues and an initial lack of demand, several decades
passed before vehicles with automatic transmission became common on the
roads.

Bicycle Frame
Isaac R. Johnson in 1899? No!
Comte Mede de Sivrac and Karl von Sauerbronn built primitive versions
of the bicycle in 1791 and 1816 respectively. The frame of John
Starley's 1885 "safety bicycle" resembled that of a modern bicycle.

Cellular Phone
Henry T. Sampson in 1971? No!
On July 6, 1971, Sampson and co-inventor George Miley received a patent
on a "gamma electric cell" that converted a gamma ray input into an
electrical output (Among the first to do that was Bernhard Gross, US
patent #3122640, 1964). What, you ask, does gamma radiation have to do
with cellular communications technology? The answer: nothing. Some
multiculturalist pseudo-historian must have seen the words "electric"
and "cell" and thought "cell phone."

The father of the cell phone is Martin Cooper who first demonstrated
the technology in 1973.

Clock or Watch (First in America)
Benjamin Banneker built the first American timepiece in 1753? No!
Abel Cottey, a Quaker clockmaker from Philadelphia, built a clock that
is dated 1709 (source: Six Quaker Clockmakers, by Edward C. Chandlee;
Philadelphia, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943). Banneker
biographer Silvio Bedini further refutes the myth:

Several watch and clockmakers were already established in the colony
[Maryland] prior to the time that Banneker made the clock. In Annapolis
alone there were at least four such craftsmen prior to 1750. Among
these may be mentioned John Batterson, a watchmaker who moved to
Annapolis in 1723; James Newberry, a watch and clockmaker who
advertised in the Maryland Gazette on July 20, 1748; John Powell, a
watch and clockmaker believed to have been indentured and to have been
working in 1745; and Powell's master, William Roberts.

Silvio Bedini, The Life of Benjamin Banneker (Baltimore: Maryland
Historical Society, 1999)

Clothes Dryer
George T. Sampson in 1892? No!
The "clothes-drier" described in Sampson's patent was actually a rack
for holding clothes near a stove, and was intended as an "improvement"
on similar contraptions:

My invention relates to improvements in clothes-driers.... The object
of my invention is to suspend clothing in close relation to a stove by
means of frames so constructed that they can be readily placed in
proper position and put aside when not required for use.

US patent #476416, 1892

Nineteen years earlier, there were already over 300 US patents for such
"clothes-driers" (Subject-Matter Index of Patents...1790 to 1873).

A Frenchman named Pochon in 1799 built the first known tumble dryer -
a crank-driven, rotating metal drum pierced with ventilation holes and
held over heat. Electric tumble dryers appeared in the first half of
the 20th century.

Dustpan
Lloyd P. Ray in 1897? No!
While the ultimate origin of the dustpan is lost in the mists (dusts?)
of time, at least we know that US patent #20811 for "Dust-pan" was
granted to T.E. McNeill in 1858. That was the first of about 164 US
dustpan patents predating Lloyd Ray's. See the dustpan patent list.

Egg Beater
Willie Johnson in 1884? No!
The hand-cranked egg beater with two intermeshed, counter-rotating
whisks was invented by Turner Williams of Providence, Rhode Island in
1870 (US Patent #103811). It was an improvement on earlier rotary egg
beaters that had only one whisk.

Electric Trolley
Did Granville Woods invent the electric trolley car, the overhead wire
that powers it, or the "troller" wheel that makes contact with the
trolley wire, in 1888? No!
Dr. Werner von Siemens demonstrated his electric trolleybus, the
Elektromote, near Berlin on April 29, 1882. The vehicle's two electric
motors collected power through contact wheels rolling atop a pair of
overhead wires. The earliest patentee of an electric trolley in the
United States appears to be Eugene Cowles (#252193 in 1881), followed
by Dr. Joseph R. Finney (#268476 in 1882) who operated an experimental
trolley car near Pittsburgh, PA in the summer of 1882. In early 1885,
John C. Henry established in Kansas City, MO, the first overhead-wire
electric transit system to enter regular service in the United States.
Belgian-born Charles van Depoele, who earned 240+ patents in electric
railway technology and other fields, set up trolley lines in several
North American cities by 1887. In February 1888, a trolley system
designed by Frank Sprague began operating in Richmond, Virginia.
Sprague's system became the lasting prototype for electric street
railways in the US.

Elevator
Alexander Miles in 1887? No!
Was Miles the first to patent a self-closing shaft door? No!
Steam-powered hoisting devices were used in England by 1800. Elisha
Graves Otis' 1853 "safety elevator" prevented the car from falling if
the cable broke, and thus paved the way for the first commercial
passenger elevator, installed in New York City's Haughwout Department
Store in 1857. The first electric elevator appeared in Mannheim,
Germany in 1880, built by the German firm of Siemens and Halske. A
self-closing shaft door was invented by J.W. Meaker in 1874
("Improvement in Self-closing Hatchways," US Patent No. 147,853). See
Elevator Timeline

Fastest Computer/Computation
Was Philip Emeagwali responsible for the world's fastest computer or
computation in 1989? Did he win the "Nobel Prize of computing"? Is he a
"father of the Internet"? No!
The fastest performance of a computer application in 1989 was 6 billion
floating point operations per second (6 Gflops), achieved by a team
from Mobil and Thinking Machines Corp. on a 64,000-processor
"Connection Machine" invented by Danny Hillis. That was almost double
the 3.1 Gflops of Emeagwali's computation. Computing's Nobel Prize
equivalent is the Turing Award, which Emeagwali has never won. More...

Fire Escape
Joseph Winters in 1878? No!
Winters' "fire escape" was a wagon-mounted ladder. The first such
contraption patented in the US was the work of William P. Withey, 1840
(US patent #1599). The fire escape with a "lazy-tongs" type ladder,
more similar to Winters' patent, was pioneered by Hüttman and Kornelio
in 1849 (US patent #6155). One of the first fire escapes of any type
was invented in 18th-century England:

In 1784, Daniel Maseres, of England, invented a machine called a fire
escape, which, being fastened to the window, would enable anyone to
descend to the street without injury.

Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art, 1888

By 1888 the US had granted 1,099 patents on fire escapes of "many
forms, and of every possible material" (Butterworth).

Fire Extinguisher
Thomas J. Martin in 1872? No!
In 1813, British army captain George Manby created the first known
portable fire extinguisher: a two-foot-tall copper cylinder that held 3
gallons of water and used compressed air as a propellant. One of the
earliest extinguishers to use a chemical extinguishing agent, and not
just water, was invented in 1849 by the Englishman William Henry
Phillips, who patented his "fire annihilator" in England and the United
States (US patent #7,269).

Food Additives, Meat Curing
Lloyd Hall "is responsible for the meat curing products, seasonings,
emulsions, bakery products, antioxidants, protein hydrolysates, and
many other products that keep our food fresh and flavorable"? No! Hall
"revolutionized the meatpacking industry"? No!
Hall introduced no major class of additive, certainly not meat curing
salts (which are ancient), protein hydrolysates (popularized by Julius
Maggi as flavor enhancers in 1886), emulsifiers and antioxidants
(lecithin, for example, was used in both roles before Lloyd Hall had
any patents in food processing). The so-called revolutionary meat
curing product marketed by Hall's employer was invented primarily by
Karl Max Seifert?; the number of Seifert's patent was printed right
on the containers. Hall's main contribution to this product was to
reduce its tendency to cake during storage. Details: Lloyd Hall myth.

Fountain Pen
W.B. Purvis in 1890? No!
The first reference to what seems to be a fountain pen appears in an
Arabic text from 969 AD; details of the instrument are not known. A
French "Bion" pen, dated 1702, represents the oldest fountain pen that
still survives. Later models included John Scheffer's 1819 pen,
possibly the first to be mass-produced; John Jacob Parker's
"self-filling" pen of 1832; and the famous Lewis Waterman pen of 1884
(US Patents #293545, #307735). Early History of the Fountain Pen

Golf Tee
Dr. George Grant in 1899? No!
A small rubber platform invented by Scotsmen William Bloxsom and Arthur
Douglas was the world's first patented golf tee (British patent #12941
of 1889). The first known tee to penetrate the ground, in contrast to
earlier tees that sat on the surface, was the peg-like "Perfectum"
patented in 1892 by Percy Ellis of England. American dentist William
Lowell introduced the most common form of tee used today, the simple
wooden peg with a flared top. Details...

Hairbrush
Lyda Newman in 1898? No!
An early US patent for a recognizably modern hairbrush went to Hugh
Rock in 1854 (US Design Patent no. D645), though surely there were
hairbrushes long before there was a US Patent Office.

The claim that Lyda Newman's brush was the first with "synthetic
bristles" is false: her patent mentions nothing about synthetic
bristles and is concerned only with a new way of making the handle
detachable from the head. Besides, a hairbrush that included "elastic
wire teeth" in combination with natural bristles had already been
patented by Samuel Firey in 1870 (US, #106680). Nylon bristles weren't
possible until the invention of nylon in 1935.

Halogen Lamp
Frederick Mosby? No
The original patent for the tungsten halogen lamp (US #2,883,571; April
21, 1959) is recorded to Elmer G. Fridrich and Emmett H. Wiley of
General Electric. The two had built a working prototype as early as
1953. Fred Mosby was part of the GE team charged with developing the
prototype lamp into a marketable product, but was not responsible for
the original halogen lamp or the concept behind it.

Hand Stamp
William Purvis in 1883? No!
The earliest known postal handstamp was brought into use by Henry
Bishop, Postmaster General of Great Britain, in the year 1661. The
stamp imprinted the mail with a bisected circle containing the month
and the date. See "Bishop marks"

Heating Furnace
Alice Parker in 1919? No!
In the hypocaust heating systems built by the ancient Romans, hot air
from a furnace circulated under the floor and up through channels
inside the walls, thereby distributing heat evenly around the building.
One of the most famous heating systems in recent centuries was the iron
furnace stove known as the "Franklin stove," named after its purported
originator Benjamin Franklin around 1745 AD. The US had issued over
4000 patents for heating stoves and furnaces by 1888 (Benjamin
Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art, 1888).

Horseshoe
Oscar E. Brown in 1892? No!
Some sources on the web, if not ignorant enough to say Brown invented
the first horseshoe ever, will at least try to credit him for the first
double or compound horseshoe made of two layers: one permanently
secured to the hoof, and one auxiliary layer that can be removed and
replaced when it wears out. However, in the US there were already 39
earlier patents for horseshoes using that same concept. The first of
these was issued to J.B. Kendall of Boston in 1861, patent #33709.

Ice Cream
Augustus Jackson in 1832? No!
Flavored ices resembling sherbet were known in China in ancient times.
In Europe, sherbet-like concoctions evolved into ice cream by the 16th
century, and around 1670 or so, the Café Procope in Paris offered
creamy frozen dairy desserts to the public. The first written record of
ice cream in the New World comes from a letter dated 1700, attesting
that Maryland Governor William Bladen served the treat to his guests.
In 1777, the New York Gazette advertised the sale of ice cream by
confectioner Philip Lenzi. History of Ice Cream

Ironing Board
Sarah Boone in 1892? No!
Of the several hundred US patents on ironing boards granted prior to
Sarah Boone's, the first three went to William Vandenburg in 1858
(patents #19390, #19883, #20231). The first American female patentee of
an ironing board is probably Sarah Mort of Dayton, Ohio, who received
patent #57170 in 1866. In 1869, Henry Soggs of Columbus, Pennsylvania
earned US patent #90966 for an ironing board resembling the modern
type, with folding legs, adjustable height, and a cover. Another nice
example of a modern-looking board was designed by J.H. Mallory in 1871,
patent #120296. Details...

Laser Cataract Surgery
Patricia Bath "transformed eye surgery" by inventing the first laser
device to treat cataracts in 1986? No!
Use of lasers to treat cataracts in the eye began to develop in the mid
1970s. M.M. Krasnov of Russia reported the first such procedure in
1975. One of the earliest US patents for laser cataract removal
(#3,982,541) was issued to Francis L'Esperance in 1976. In later years,
a number of experimenters worked independently on laser devices for
removing cataracts, including Daniel Eichenbaum, whose work became the
basis of the Paradigm PhotonT device; and Jack Dodick, whose Dodick
Laser PhotoLysis System eventually became the first laser unit to win
FDA approval for cataract removal in the United States. Still, the
majority of cataract surgeries continue to be performed using
ultrasound devices, not lasers. Details...

Lawn Mower
John Burr in 1899? No!
English engineer Edwin Budding invented the first reel-type lawn mower
(with blades arranged in a cylindrical pattern) and had it patented in
England in 1830. In 1868 the United States issued patent #73807 to
Amariah M. Hills of Connecticut, who went on to establish the
Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871. By 1888, the US Patent Office had
granted 138 patents for lawn mowers (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial
Art). Doubtlessly there were even more by the time Burr got his patent
in 1899.

Some website authors want Burr to have invented the first "rotary
blade" mower, with a centrally mounted spinning blade. But his patent
#624749 shows yet another twist on the old reel mower, differing in
only a few details with Budding's original.

Lawn Sprinkler
J. H. Smith in 1897? Elijah McCoy? No!
The first US patent with the title "lawn sprinkler" was issued to J.
Lessler of Buffalo, New York in 1871 (#121949). Early examples of
water-propelled, rotating lawn sprinklers were patented by J. Oswald in
1890 (#425340) and J. S. Woolsey in 1891 (#457099) among a gazillion
others.

Smith's patent shows just another rotating sprinkler, and McCoy's 1899
patent was for a turtle-shaped sprinkler.

Mailbox (letter drop box)
P. Downing invented the street letter drop box in 1891? No!
George Becket invented the private mailbox in 1892? No!
The US Postal Service says that "Street boxes for mail collection began
to appear in large [US] cities by 1858." They appeared in Europe even
earlier, according to historian Laurin Zilliacus:

Mail boxes as we understand them first appeared on the streets of
Belgian towns in 1848. In Paris they came two years later, while the
English received their 'pillar boxes' in 1855.

Laurin Zilliacus, Mail for the World, p. 178 (New York, J. Day Co.,
1953)

> From the same book (p.178), "Private mail boxes were invented in the
United States in about 1860."

Eventually, letter drop boxes came equipped with inner lids to prevent
miscreants from rummaging through the mail pile. The first of many US
patents for such a purpose was granted in 1860 to John North of
Middletown, Connecticut (US Pat. #27466).

Mop
Thomas W. Stewart in 1893? No!
Mops go back a long, long way before 1893. Just how long, is hard to
determine. Restricting our view to the modern era, we find that the
United States issued its first mop patent (#241) in 1837 to Jacob Howe,
called "Construction of Mop-Heads and the Mode of Securing them upon
Handles." One of the first patented mops with a built-in wringer was
the one H. & J. Morton invented in 1859 (US #24049).

The mop specified in Stewart's patent #499402 has a lever-operated
clamp for "holding the mop rags"; the lever is not a wringing mechanism
as erroneously reported on certain websites. Other inventors had
already patented mops with lever-operated clamps, one of the first
being Greenleaf Stackpole in 1869 (US Pat. #89803).

Paper Punch (hand-held)
Charles Brooks in 1893? No!
Was it the first with a hinged receptacle to catch the clippings? No!
The first numbered US patent for a hand-held hole punch was #636,
issued to Solyman Merrick in 1838. Robert James Kellett earned the
first two US patents for a chad-catching hole punch, in 1867 (patent
#65090) and 1868 (#79232).

Pencil Sharpener
John Lee Love in 1897? No!
Bernard Lassimone of Limoges, France invented one of the earliest
sharpeners, receiving French patent number 2444 in 1828. An apparent
ancestor of the 20th-century hand-cranked sharpener was patented by G.
F. Ballou in 1896 (US #556709) and marketed by the A.B. Dick Company as
the "Planetary Pencil Pointer." As the user held the pencil stationary
and turned the crank, twin milling cutters revolved around the tip of
the pencil and shaved it into a point.

Love's patent #594114 shows a variation on a different kind of
sharpener, in which one would crank the pencil itself around in a
stirring motion. An earlier device of a similar type was devised in
1888 by G.H. Courson (patent #388533), and sold under the name
"President Pencil Sharpener."

Here are several other examples of 19th century sharpeners:
Early Mechanical Pencil Sharpeners
Mechanical Pencil Sharpener Gallery ~ 1884-1899

Permanent Wave Machine (for perming hair)
Marjorie Joyner in 1928? No!
That would be German hairdresser Karl Ludwig Nessler (aka Charles
Nestlé) no later than 1906.

Postmarking and Canceling Machine
William Barry in 1897? No!
Try Pearson Hill of England, in 1857. Hill's machine marked the postage
stamp with vertical lines and postmark date. By 1892, US post offices
were using several brands of machines, including one that could cancel,
postmark, count and stack more than 20,000 pieces of mail per hour
(Marshall Cushing, Story of Our Post Office, Boston: A. M. Thayer &
co., 1892, pp.189-191).

Printing Press
W.A. Lavalette invented "the advanced printing press" in 1878? No!
Movable-type printing first appeared in East Asia. In Europe, around
1455, Johann Gutenberg adapted the screw press used in other trades
such as winemaking and combined it with type-metal alloy characters and
oil-based printing ink. Major advances after Gutenberg include the
cylinder printing press (c. 1811) by Frederick Koenig and Andreas
Bauer, the rotary press (1846) by Richard M. Hoe, and the web press
(1865) by William Bullock. Major advances do not include Lavalette's
patent, which was only one of 3,268 printing patents granted in the US
by the year 1888 (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art). Improvements
After Gutenberg

Propeller for Ship
George Tolivar or Benjamin Montgomery? No!
John Stevens constructed a boat with twin steam-powered propellers in
1804 in the first known application of a screw propeller for marine
propulsion. Other important pioneers in the early 1800s included Sir
Francis Pettit Smith of England, and Swedish-born ship designer John
Ericsson (US patent #588) who later designed the USS Monitor.

Refrigerator
Thomas Elkins in 1879? John Stanard in 1891? No!
Oliver Evans proposed a mechanical refrigerator based on a
vapor-compression cycle in 1805 and Jacob Perkins had a working machine
built in 1834. Dr. John Gorrie created an air-cycle refrigeration
system in about 1844, which he installed in a Florida hospital. In the
1850s Alexander Twining in the USA and James Harrison in Australia used
mechanical refrigeration to produce ice on a commercial scale. Around
the same time, the Carré brothers of France led the development of
absorption refrigeration systems. A more detailed timeline

Stanard's patent describes not a refrigeration machine, but an
old-fashioned icebox - an insulated cabinet into which ice is placed
to cool the interior. As such, it was a "refrigerator" only in the old
sense of the term, which included non-mechanical coolers. Elkins
created a similarly low-tech cooler, acknowledging in his patent
#221222 that "I am aware that chilling substances inclosed within a
porous box or jar by wetting its outer surface is an old and well-known
process."

Rotary Engine
Andrew Beard in 1892? No!
The Subject Matter Index of Patents Issued from the United States
Patent Office from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists 394 "Rotary Engine"
patents from 1810-1873. The Wankel engine, a rotary combustion engine
with a four-stroke cycle, dates from 1954. History of the Rotary Engine
from 1588 Onward

Screw Socket for Light Bulb
Lewis Latimer? No!
The earliest evidence for a light bulb screw base design is a drawing
in a Thomas Edison notebook dated Sept. 11, 1880. It is not the work of
Latimer, though:

Edison's long-time associates, Edward H. Johnson and John Ott, were
principally responsible for designing fixtures in the fall of 1880.
Their work resulted in the screw socket and base very much like those
widely used today.

R. Friedel and P. Israel, Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an
Invention, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1986).

The 1880 sketch of the screw socket is reproduced in the book cited
above.

Smallpox Vaccine
Onesimus the slave in 1721? No! Onesimus knew of variolation, an early
inoculation technique practiced in several areas of the world before
the discovery of vaccination.
English physician Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796
after finding that the relatively innocuous cowpox virus built immunity
against the deadly smallpox. This discovery led to the eventual
eradication of endemic smallpox throughout the world. Vaccination
differs from the primitive inoculation method known as variolation,
which involved the deliberate planting of live smallpox into a healthy
person in hopes of inducing a mild form of the disease that would
provide immunity from further infection. Variolation not only was risky
to the patient but, more importantly, failed to prevent smallpox from
spreading. Known in Asia by 1000 AD, the practice reached the West via
more than one channel.

Smokestack for Locomotives
L. Bell in 1871? No!
Even the first steam locomotives, such as the one built by Richard
Trevithick in 1804, were equipped with smokestacks. Later smokestacks
featured wire netting to prevent hazardous sparks from escaping. Page
115 of John H. White Jr.'s American Locomotives: An Engineering
History, 1830-1880 (1997 edition) displays a composite picture showing
57 different types of spark-arresting smokestacks devised before 1860.

Steam Boiler Furnace
Granville Woods in 1884? No!
The steam engine boiler is of course as old as the steam engine itself.
The Subject Matter Index of Patents Issued from the United States
Patent Office from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists several hundred
variations and improvements to the steam boiler, including the
revolutionary water-tube boiler patented in 1867 by American inventors
George Herman Babcock and Stephen Wilcox.

Street Sweeper
Charles Brooks in 1896? No!
Brooks' patent was for a modified version of a common type of street
sweeper cart that had long been known, with a rotary brush that swept
refuse onto an elevator belt and into a trash bin. In the United
States, street sweepers started being patented in the 1840s, and by
1900 the Patent Office had issued about 300 patents for such machines.
Details...

Supercharger for Automobiles
Joseph Gammel/Gamell in 1976? No!
In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler received a German patent for supercharging an
internal combustion engine. Louis Renault patented a centrifugal
supercharger in France in 1902. An early supercharged racecar was built
by Lee Chadwick of Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1908 and reportedly
reached a speed of 100 miles per hour. History of Supercharging

Toilet
T. Elkins in 1897? No!
The Minoans of Crete are said to have invented a flush toilet thousands
of years ago; however, there is probably no direct ancestral
relationship between it and the modern one that evolved primarily in
England starting in the late 16th century, when Sir John Harrington
devised a flushing device for his godmother Queen Elizabeth. In 1775
Alexander Cummings patented a toilet in which some water remained after
each flush, thereby suppressing odors from below. The "water closet"
continued to evolve, and in 1885, Thomas Twyford provided us with a
single-piece ceramic toilet similar to the one we know today. Who
Invented the Toilet?

Toilet for Railroad Cars
Lewis Latimer in 1874? No!
William E. Marsh Jr. of New Jersey took out US patent #95597 for
"Improvement in Water-closets for Railroad Cars" five years prior to
Latimer's 1874 patent with the same title. Marsh's patent specification
suggests that railroad-car water closets, i.e., toilets, were already
in use:

In the closets or privies of railroad cars, the cold and wind,
especially while the train is in motion, are very disagreeable... My
invention is to remove these objectionable features....

W. Marsh, US patent #95597, 1869

Tricycle
M.A. Cherry in 1886? No!
In Germany in the year 1680 or thereabouts, paraplegic watchmaker
Stephan Farffler built his own tricycle at 22 years of age. He designed
it to be pedaled with the hands, for obvious reasons. History of the
tricycle

Turn Signals
Richard Spikes in 1913? No! Did the 1913 Pierce Arrow feature Spikes'
turn signals? No!
Electric turn signal lights were devised as early as 1907 (U.S. Patent
912,831), but were not widely offered by major automobile manufacturers
until the late 1930s, when GM developed its own version and made it
standard on Buicks. The Pierce Arrow Museum in Buffalo, NY denies that
directional signals were offered on 1913 Pierce Arrows.

Typewriter
L.S. Burridge & N.R. Marshman in 1885? No!
Henry Mill, an English engineer, was the first person to patent the
basic idea of the typewriter in 1714. The first working typewriter
known to have actually been built was the work of Pellegrino Turri of
Italy in 1808. Americans C. L. Sholes and C. Glidden patented the
familiar QWERTY keyboard in 1868 and brought it to market in 1873. In
1878 change-case keys were added that enabled the typing of both
capital and small letters. Typewriter History